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Dr. Jaume Antich Wrote: ------------------------------------------------------- > > > REGENERATIVE MEDICINE WITH EMBRYONIC CELLS > > Recents advances in embryonic stem cell research > open a new field with very important clinical > applications in regenerative medicine using stem > cells as replacement therapies, for > neuro-degenerative diseases, diabetes and > treatment of the cancer. > > Regenerative medicine is a term used in the > production and transplantation of stem cells > to repair or regenerate the damage organs of our > body > > How does it work? > Using the so-called stem cells > > What are the stem cells? > They are cells with the ability to undergo both > self-renewal and differentiation into cells of > the body. > Based on their derivation are classified in > embryonic, fetal and adult stem cells, and based > on their potentiality to be transformed to > specific body cell in totipotential, > multipotential, pluripotential and unipotential. > > Where can we get them? > They are several sources of stem cells with the > capability to give rise to pluripotent cell lines: > 1.- From pre-implantation embryos, in the inner > cell mass of the blastocyst- stage (they are > called embryonic stem cells) > 2.- From fetal cells > 3.- From adult stem cells > > The embryonic stem cells can proliferate > indefinitely and have the capability to > differentiate in any kind tissue, even the > trofoblastic cells .They can differentiate into > derivatives of all three embryonic layers when > transferred. > > The fetal and adult stem cells are predetermined > cells which can differentiate into a limited cells > specific for a given tissue, but recent research > seems that their potentiality is higher to that > believed, so for instances bone marrow cells > after transplantation contribute to the > regeneration of hematopoietic system and can also > contribute to repair damage organs such as brain, > liver, pancreas, muscle. This special capacity of > this adult cells is called "plasticity" meaning > that they can differentiate into cells different > from the original tissue. These cells have a > potential to differentiate into neuronal cell, > muscle cell, liver cell, epidermal cell and also > epithelial cell lineages > > Technology: > Undifferentiated human embryonic stem cells can > be culture indefinitely and maintain the > capability to form almost every cell in the human > body. Different protocols have been used in order > to guide stem cells into specific cell lineage > such as:insulin- secreting cells ( ß cells of > pancreas),.hematopietic precursors, ,neural > precursors which can further generate functional > neurons, astrocytes and oligodendrocytes, > cardiomyocytes and various other cell types > > Some possible applications of stem cells: > Recent advances in embryonic and adult stem > cell research open a new field with very > important clinical applications in regenerative > medicine using stem. > The recent identification of adult cells as well > that the embryonic stem cells that can grow and > differentiate in any tissue, has raised the > possibility of using them for organ repair > ("so-called regenerative medicine"). Herewith we > include some possible applications of stem cells > and hopes for this novel therapy: > 1-transplantation of exogenous cells into damage > myocardium, in cases of myocardial infarction > and heart failure, so-called "cellular > cardiomyoplasty", > 2-transplantation of pancreatic islet cells > (insulin secreting cells) in the treatment of > diabetes mellitus > 3-transplantation of embryonic dopamine neurons > into Parkinson's disease > 4-bone and cartilage repair > 5-skeletal muscle repair as in the case of > muscular dystrophy > 6-ischemic brain injury > 7-autoimmune encephalomyelitis > Some other applications and perpectives are: brain > tumors, neuro-degenerative diseases and hepatic > malignancies . > > Limitations of the use of stem cells > The use of stem cells have some limitations such > as: > -technical barriers have to overcome before > clinical trials can be considered > controlling cell growth and differentiation > -more research is needed to overcome some > obstacles and to determine which type of stem cell > constitute the best solution for any particular > disease and patient-, The controversy between > adult versus embryonic stem cells still persists > -a number of ethical and legal questions have to > be overcome. The ethical problem is debated and > different attitudes, towards using existing human > embryos or creating new human embryos for > research, exists from country to country in > Europe. Another problem is the commercialization > of embryos and their derivatives after a > therapeutic cloning. > -finally we have to be careful with the excessive > perpectives that has been generated with this > biological advances , and not to give to the > patients and families false hopes, as Science > magazine in 1999 declared "embryonic stem cells > have been touted as a cure for just about > everything that ails us" regenerative medicine > opens important possibilities , but medical > progress and gene therapy will be slow. > > > > > > > > Dr. Jaume Antich
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